Quiz 6:

                                         Quiz 6:

1.Define system software and identify the two types of system software.
2.Briefly describe various server operating systems: Windows Server, UNIX,Linux, Solaris, and NetWare.
3.Summarize the features of several embedded operating systems: Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS.
4.Explain the purpose of several utility programs: file manager, search utility, image viewer, uninstaller, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, backup and
restore utilities, screen saver, personal firewall, antivirus programs, spyware and adware removers, Internet filters, file compression, media player, disc burning, and personal computer maintenance.


                                                        Answer:

1. System Software-is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.
 Types of System Software: 

•  Operating System
• Utility Software

 2. Windows Server- a brand name for a group of server operating systems released by Microsoft Corporation.

UNIX-  a multi tasking, multi user computer operating system.

LINUX- refers to the family of UNIX-LIKE computer operating systems using the LINUX KERNEl.

Solaris- is a UNIX operating system originally developed by Sun Microsytems.

NetWare-  is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc.

3. Features of : 
Windows Embedded CE

•  Component services
• networking capabilities
• multimedia support  and many other capabilities are contained within individual operating system features.

Windows Mobile 

• Updated Lock Screen
• Updated Today Screen
• Windows Phone Marketplace
• Windows Media Player Mobile
• Microsoft My Phone
• Social Networking Apps
• Designer Themes

Palm OS- There is a "stylus" or "pen" which is utilized to faucet the onscreen keyboard or to write on the window in "Graffiti", which is fast shorthand document system.

BlackBerry

• speakerphone system
• broadband EV-DO wireless data
• EDGE high speed wireless data and trackball.

Google Android

• Hand Set Layouts
•  Storage
• Connectivity
• Messaging
• Web Browser
• Java Virtual Machine
• Media Support
• Additional Hardware Support 

Embedded Linux

• Complete and royalty-free out-of-the-box embedded Linux environment with full source code
• Fully integrated and optimized BSPs for Digi hardware platforms
• Built on recent stable version of Linux kernel
• State-of-the-art graphical development environment based on open Eclipse framework
• Digi is the single source for complete hardware and software support

Symbian OS

• can also use languages like python, visual basic, OPL and Perl.
• was built in such a way that it follows the three basic design rules.
• event- based
• Central Processing Unit is switched off when the running applications and programs are not linked to the event.
• compatible with all kinds of devices.

4. Purpose of:

File Manager- provide network connectivity via protocols such as FTP, NFS, SMB, or WebDav.

Search Utility- to find quickly Files, Folders and Text on your Local, Network, DVD, CD-ROM, USB Hard or Flash Drives.

Image Viewer- display stored graphical image.

Uninstaller- designed to remove other software or parts of it from a computer.

Disk Cleanup- to free up disk space on a computer's hard drive.


Disk defragmenter- to increase access speed by rearranging files stored  on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations.

Back up and Restore Utilities- creates safety copies of your most important personal files, so you're always prepared for the worst.

Screen saver- to prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors by blanking the screen or filling it with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use.

Personal Firewall-controls network traffic to and from a computer, permitting or denying communications based on a security policy.

Antivirus Programs-is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses, computer worm, trojan horses,  spyware, and adware.

Spyware and Adware Remover-to detect and remove spyware, adware, and other malware such as keyloggers, rootkits, Trojan horses, and browser hijackers.

Internet Filters- monitor web content viewed on a particular computer or network.

File Compression- used when sending a file from one computer to another over a connection that has limited bandwidth
    -makes the file smaller and, therefore, the sending of the file is faster.


Media Player- data storage devices that play media.

disc burning -lets you create audio and data CDs, Video DVD authoring, the ability to burn Data DVDs, HD-DVDs and Blu-ray Discs.

Personal Computer Maintenance- to avoid many problems, computer slows down, you get a lot of freezes, files and programs take forever to open. 
    -Windows comes with a set of utilities to aid in the maintenance of your computer.

                                                        Quiz 5:

1. Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.

2. Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.

3. Describe the various types of flash memory storage: solid state drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard modules.

4. Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.

5. Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format printers

                                                        ANSWER:

1.Storage device refers to the apparatus for recording computer data. Examples are the RAM, floppy drives, ZIP drives, and other disks drives. While, storage media are the materials on which data are written and stored. Examples are the floppy disks, optical discs, hard disks, etc.

2. Tape- hanging posters, decorative book cover, fix broken tail light on vehicle, twist a long piece into rope (thousands more uses), tape wires down on floor or out of the way,  tape wires back together after splicing (much wider than electricians' tape), reattach rear view mirror, repair cracked windshield/window, patch ripped clothing, hide unsightly wallpaper seams.

Magnetic Stripe Cards- an effective form of information storage.

Smart Cards- is a portable computational device with data storage ability, very reliable form of personal identification and a tamper-proof, secure information repository.

Microfilm- Because of its large storage capacity, microfilm was mainly used for archival purposes.

Microfiche- It is primarily used for high-capacity storage. The function has now been replaced by digital imaging and storage, but there are still data being archived as microfiche and huge archives of data that have not been transfered to digital storage systems.

Enterprise Storage- is a centralized repository for business information that provides common data management and protection, as well as data sharing functions, through connections to numerous (and possibly dissimilar) computer systems.

3.Solid State Drive- is an electrical term that refers to electronic circuitry that is built entirely out of semiconductors.

Memory Card- is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information.

USB Flash drive- is a small device that stores information and files from a computer.

Express Card Modules- can provide the quickest way to download pictures from today's high-capacity digital camera cards (CompactFlash, MMC, MemoryStick, SD, xD, etc.).

4.CDs- an optical disc used to store digital data.

Archive Disc- 

Picture CD- holds photos from a single roll of color film, stored at 1024×1536 resolution using JPEG compression.

DVDs- offer higher storage capacity than compact disc while having the same dimensions.

Blu- ray disc- is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format.

5. Ink-jet Printer- create text and images by small nozzles spraying ink onto printer paper. The ink absorbs into the paper at different amounts and levels of crispness depending on the paper and ink quality. 

Photo Printer -it is able to run on battery power, it is versatile as to photo size, it has good consumer reviews, it has good specifications.

Laser Printers- speed, memory, resolution, duplexing, all in one printer, media support, consumables.

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Quiz 3

1. Describe the four categories of output.

2. The characteristics of LCD monitors, LCD screens, plasma monitors, and HDTVs.

3. What are the components inside the systems units.

4. The components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle.

5. Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data.

6. Identify the categories of application software.

7. Identify the key features of widely used business programs.

8. What are the advantages of using application software on the Web.

9. History of the Internet.

10. What are different storage devices.

ANSWERS:

1. The four categories of output are: text, graphics, audio and video.

2.Characteristics of:

• LCD Monitor- ultra-slim, stylish,full color display devices for the PC that fit in any part of the home or office.
• LCD Screens- lightweight, aesthetically appealing, energy efficient and long-term cost effective. 
• Plasma Monitors- produce rich colors along with very deep blacks,wide viewing angles allow more people to be able to watch TV comfortably, pixels of Plasma TV’s are lit individually so the pixels can be completely turned off to display truck black colors. 
• HDTVs- black level, brightness, contrast, color saturation, image processing, screen composition, tuners and cable card. 

 3. The Basic Components are:

• Processor
• memory
• adapter cards
• ports
• drive bays
• power supply
• motherboard
• chip
• Central Processing Unit
• Machine Cycle      

4.Components of a processor:

• Control Unit
• Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU)
• Register

 The machine cycle is the name of the four operations of the CPU. The first step is to 'fetch' the program instuction/data from the memory. The second step is to 'decode', which means translate the instruction into instructions. Step three is to 'execute', carry out the instruction. Finally step four is to 'store', write the result back to memory.

5. Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine.

When the user press any letter using the keyboard the electronic signal from that letter is sent to the system unit then the system unit convert it to its binary code and stored in memory for processing. After processing the binary code for that particular letter is converted to an image and displayed on the output device.

6.Categories of Application Software:

• Personal productivity Applications
• Multimedia and Graphics applications
• Communications applications 
• Home and Educational

7.  The Key Features in Business programs in terms of software is editting and typing and other stuff knowing what letters to use like formating.

8.Using web authoring software can help build web pages faster, an advantage if you are facing a deadline or a large project. There are several different types of web authoring software you can use to make great web pages without having to know all of the ins and outs of web page creation.

9. The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In response, the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military.

RAND Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation (a government agency), was commissioned by the U.S. Air Force to do a study on how it could maintain its command and control over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclear attack. This was to be a military research network that could survive a nuclear strike, decentralized so that if any locations (cities) in the U.S. were attacked, the military could still have control of nuclear arms for a counter-attack.

Baran's finished document described several ways to accomplish this. His final proposal was a packet switched network.

"Packet switching is the breaking down of data into datagrams or packets that are labeled to indicate the origin and the destination of the information and the forwarding of these packets from one computer to another computer until the information arrives at its final destination computer. This was crucial to the realization of a computer network. If packets are lost at any given point, the message can be resent by the originator."
ARPA awarded the ARPANET contract to BBN. BBN had selected a Honeywell minicomputer as the base on which they would build the switch. The physical network was constructed in 1969, linking four nodes: University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah. The network was wired together via 50 Kbps circuits. The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was renamed The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (or DARPA)

ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocol or NCP to transfer data. This allowed communications between hosts running on the same network. Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other.

10. Different storage devices:

• Hard drive
• External Hard Drives
• network Attached Storage
• Optical Media Storage
• Flash Drives 

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                                              QUIZ:


1. Define input and differentiate among a program, command and user response.

2. Identify the keys and buttons commonly found on desktop computer keyboards and describe how keyboards for mobile devices differ from desktop computer keyboards.

3. Describe different mouse types and explain how to use a mouse.

4. Describe various types touch screens and explain how a touch- sensitive pad works.

                                                   ANSWERS:

1.Input is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the modeling, system(s) design and system(s) exploitation.

A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.

Command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task.
User Response-the act of responding; reply or reaction.

2.

A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands. In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other program. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. It is the only way to enter commands on a command-line interface. 3.

•  Mechanical Mouse- requires a ball to move the cursor on the screen.
• Optomechanical or optical-mechanical mouse - is a combination of the optical and the mechanical technologies. It uses a ball but detects the mouse movement optically. It is now the most commonly used with PC.
• optical mouse- uses a laser; precisely an optical sensor to help detecting the mouse’s moving.
• wireless mouse- relies infrared, radio signals or Bluetooth to communicate with the computer.
• cordless mouse- uses the wireless communication technology (via infrared, radio or Bluetooth) to transmit data to the computer.ow to Use a mouse:
  Resistive touchscreens are the most widely used touch screens in mobile phones. They are cheap and resistant to water and dust, but they get easily scratched and cannot be used with sharp objects. You can use any object to touch it, for instance finger, stylus, etc. You need to apply a bit of pressure in order to press the touchscreen. They have a good lifespan of about 35 million clicks.

 how to Use a Mouse:

1. Connect the mouse. If you drag it around the arrow on the screen should move around with it. If not, you may have a technical problem. Sometimes the arrow will dart around in spurts, or will move too slowly. The former will require troubleshooting (probably downloading a driver) and the latter can be adjusted in your computer's settings. If this doesn't work, consider using a wrench to open your mouse and remove any broken objects.
2. Mice (more than one mouse) can be used by either hand. If you are left handed, you can just place the mouse on the other side of the keyboard, if it reaches. The mouse will work the same.
3. Hold the mouse correctly. For Windows or PC users, place your pointer finger on the left button, and your ring finger on the right button. If your mouse has a button or 'wheel' in the middle, your middle finger can operate this. For Mac users, the mouse usually has only one button. Use any of your three center fingers to press the button.
4. To click, press the button (usually the left one, when there are two) and promptly release it. It should be a firm, quick tap, and the mouse should be still when you do it.
5. To double click (for opening applications, documents or folders), you must click (the left button) twice in rapid succession. If you have physical trouble with the required speed, your computer can be adjusted to suit your needs.
6. To drag files, press and hold the (left) button, then move the mouse without letting the button go until the file is where you want it to be.
7. Use mouse gestures. When you feel more confident you may like to set up mouse gestures.

4. Different Types of touch screens:

• Resistive touchscreens are the most widely used touch screens in mobile phones. They are cheap and resistant to water and dust, but they get easily scratched and cannot be used with sharp objects.
• Capacitive touchscreens are basically of two types- one that can recognize multiple touches simultaneously and the other which cannot. These type of touchscreens are costlier than the resistive types. They are scratch, moisture and dust-proof.
• Infrared touchscreens are the most expensive of the all the three mentioned here. It doesn’t require physical force, just a gentle touch is enough. In addition to this it is not influenced by dust, moisture or scratches. Moreover it’s the most durable compared to the other ones. They are basically of two types: optical and heat-sensitive.

Touchpad- a pointing device consisting of a soft pad sensitized to finger movement or pressure and used especially on laptop computers as an alternative to a mouse.